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  Philosophy of Ethics
  1. Normative Ethics: What norms or standards to apply in order to judge our actions.
     
    1. Virtue theory: necessary strength of character.
       
      1. Plato; courage, temperance, wisdom, justice
      2. Aristotle;
        reason helps us to see the Virtue in the middle.
        e.g. cowardice - bravery - foolhardiness.
      3. Christians; faith, hope, charity.

       
    2. Teleological ( also consequentialist) [telos=END or Goal];
      depends on consequences.
       
      1. Hedonistic;[hedone=pleasure] what pleases us. (If it feels good, do it.)
         
        1. Utilitarianism; Result greatest good, for me, for us, for them.
           
          1. Act Utilitarianism, each individual act.
          2. Rule Utilitarianism, a rule to cover all acts.
          3. Hedonistic Utilitarianism, pleasure is the goal.

           
      2. Non Hedonistic; the standard used to make the judgement is the goal or end and not pleasure.
         
        1. Ideal Utilitarianism; Result is best out come in ideal sense not pleasure of gain.
        2. Perfectionism; result is self-realization.
        3. Egoism; no other reason or motivation save self-interest.
           
    3. Deontological (non consequentialist) [deon=DUTY], does not depend on result.
       
      1. Duty ; e.g. ten commandments- duty to gods, parents, neighbors.
      2. Rights; Life Liberty Pursuit of Happiness.
      3. Categorical Imperative; a rule for all.
      4. Situation Ethics; duty authentic care depends on situation.
      5. Religious moralism; obey not a rational issue.
      6. Feminist ethic; care, love, need over rights, love over duty.

     
  2. Meta Ethics: What is the reality and meaning of ethics, ethical concepts, and ethical claims?
     
    1. Metaphysical issues; (questions about the "reality" of morals)
       
      1. moral realism (idealism); Ideals are real; Peace, Justice, Good and so forth.
      2. divine commands; Religious belief system.
      3. Naturalism; morality is a natural fact.
      4. Moral skepticism and relativism; not provable and not universal.

       
    2. Psychological issues;
       
      1. mental facility: Just as we see, we are also able to moralize. A practical mental skill.
         
        1. Aristotle; practical wisdom.
        2. Aquinas; contact with moral order.

         
      2. Egoism; self interest. In spite of what we say, we always act out of self interest.
      3. Feelings; Our emotions reveal the good and bad to us.
      4. Independent of emotion; Rational justification and backup help us to sort out our obligations.
      5. Developmental; We move from the selfish to the altruistic, low to high, as we grow up.

       
    3. Linguistic issues: What do the words of moral language mean or communicate?
       
      1. subjectivism; express subjective attitudes.
        "I wish people wouldn't kill each other."
      2. emotivism; express feelings.
        "I feel bad when people do."
      3. imperativism; express implied commands.
        "I command you not to kill."
      4. cognitivism; express claims that relate to matters of fact.
        "It is true that, killing is evil."

     
  3. Applied Ethics
     
    1. Ethics and the Arts
    2. Business ethics
    3. Bioethics
    4. Engineering ethics
    5. Environmental ethics
    6. Medical ethics
    7. Law and morality